獨立工會: 俄罗斯独立工会联合会

2009年9月8日星期二

俄罗斯独立工会联合会

FNPR/FITUR FNPR / FITUR

Full name全名	Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia俄罗斯独立工会联合会
Native name本机的名称	Federatsiya Nezavisimykh Profsoyuzov Rossii Federatsiya Nezavisimykh Profsoyuzov Rossii
Founded成立	1990 1990年
Members议员	31.5 million (2002) 31.5万（2002年）
Country国家	Russia 俄罗斯
Affiliation联系	ITUC , GCTU 国际工会联合会，工会总联合会
Key people关键人民	Mikhail Shmakov , president总裁米哈伊尔Shmakov Eugene Sidorov , international secretary 尤金西多罗夫，国际司
Office location办公地点	Moscow , Russia 莫斯科，俄罗斯
Website网站	www.fnpr.ru www.fnpr.ru

The Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (ФНПР, FNPR, Федерация Независимых Профсоюзов России, Federatsiya Nezavisimykh Profsoyuzov Rossii) is the largest national trade union center in Russia , with a membership estimated between 28 and 31.5 million (down from 70 million at its formation). 俄罗斯独立工会联合会 （ФНПР，FNPR，ФедерацияНезависимыхПрофсоюзовРоссии，Federatsiya Nezavisimykh Profsoyuzov Rossii）是最大的国家工会中心在俄罗斯，与估计的成员之间的28和31.5亿美元（从70万美元在其形成）。 The FNPR is widely recognized as the defacto successor to the Soviet era trade unions system, although the General Confederation of Trade Unions (GFTC), as the umbrella organization of trade unions in the former Soviet Republics, is technically the equivalent of the former system. FNPR是公认的事实上的继任苏联时代的工会系统，工会总联合会（GFTC）作为前苏联各共和国工会的伞式组织，虽然在技术上相当于前者的系统。

History 历史

The FNPR was established in 1990, one year before the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. FNPR是成立于1990年，苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟解体前的一年。 After the breakup, With the exception of the military, the FNPR was one of the few national institutions to retain its power and functions.分手后，随着军队的例外，FNPR几个国家机构之一，以保留其权力和职能。 These abilities included control over the disbursement of social insurance funds, the right to contest and veto dismissal of workers, and automatic deductions, or check-offs , from employee wages.这些能力包括：对社会保险基金，竞赛和解雇工人否决的权利，并自动扣除，或的支付控制检查，从员工的工资，。
The FNPR continued to operate in a manner similar to soviet era unions. FNPR继续运作方式类似于苏联时期工会。 Members included both workers and management, and often labour unrest was aimed at the government, rather than employers, in an effort to preserve the command market economy, as opposed to a free market system.成员包括工人和管理人员，往往劳工骚乱是针对政府，而不是雇主在努力维护，指挥市场经济，而不是自由市场制度。
Boris Yeltsin , former President of Russia, set up the Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labour Relations in 1992.俄罗斯前总统叶利钦，社会及劳资关系条例 “，成立三方委员会于1992年。 The FNPR was given 9 of the 14 labour seats on the board, and the government soon recognized the union as its primary social partner, elevating its status against that of other trade unions. FNPR是9劳工在董事会的14个席位，政府很快认识到作为其主要的社会合作伙伴联盟，提高其对其他工会地位。
During the Russian political crisis of October 3, 1993 the FNPR, under the leadership of Igor Klochkov , called for the defense of the Russian White House in support of Aleksandr Rutskoy and the illegally dissolved Supreme Soviet of Russia and Congress of Soviets . 1993年10月3日，在俄罗斯政治危机FNPR的领导下，伊戈尔Klochkov ，国防称为俄罗斯白宫在亚历山大Rutskoy和非法解散最高苏维埃俄罗斯和苏维埃代表大会的支持。 There was little response from workers to this call, and the consequences for the union were swift.有从工人这一呼吁的反应不大，并为联盟的后果是迅速的。 Having passed a motion of their support for Rutskoy on September 28, Yeltsin passed a presidential decree the same day - stripping the union of its right to control and dispense social insurance funds and other benefits.叶利钦在他们Rutskoy的支持，于9月28日通过了一项议案，通过了一项总统令的同一天 - 剥离其控制权和分配社会保险基金及其他福利联盟。 Following Yeltin's victory in the White House showdown, further threats to end mandatory wage check-offs resulted in the hurried removal of Klochkov from leadership. Yeltin在白宫对决的胜利，进一步威胁到年底的强制性工资检查取舍导致Klochkov从领导急忙拆除。 He was replaced on October 11, by Mikhail Shmakov , who has maintained the post through to the present date.接替他于10月11日，由 Mikhail Shmakov后，一直保持到当前日期。
Although the control of the Social Insurance fund was placed with the Labour Ministry, in reality there was little change to the administration.虽然与劳动部社会保险基金的控制，在现实中有多大改变政府当局。
In 1998 Russia was hit by a severe financial crisis , and the FNPR was again at odds with Yeltsin, calling for his resignation in an open letter. 1998年在俄罗斯遭受了严重的金融危机，并FNPR是在与叶利钦的赔率再次呼吁，他在一封公开信辞职。 The union preferred Yevgeny Primakov , the dismissed prime minister, and the Otechestvo coalition.该联盟的首选，被解职的总理普里马科夫， Otechestvo联盟。 However, this support appears to have been relatively weak, as regional trade unions had their own positions and interests, and it was Vladimir Putin who was appointed Prime Minister, and then Acting President, four months later.但是，这种支持一直比较薄弱，区域工会有自己的立场和利益，这是普京被任命为总理，然后代理主席，四个月后。
In 2001 a new labour code was introduced in the State Duma .在2001年新劳动法是在国家杜马介绍。 It was strongly opposed by all but one of the trade unions.这是所有，但工会的强烈反对。 As well, in a July 9 speech to the Federal Assembly, Putin stated that there was no longer a need for the Trade Unions to perform state functions such as the distribution of social benefits.同时，在7月9日向联邦议会的讲话中，普京表示，已不再有一个工会需要执行国家职能，如社会福利的分配。

The union and the AFL-CIO 联盟AFL - CIO

Given the tensions between the USSR and the United States, it is little wonder that there was considerable suspicion from western trade unions toward the FNPR.鉴于苏联和美国之间的紧张关系，这是一点也不奇怪，有相当大的怀疑，从西部走向FNPR工会。 The AFL-CIO , through its Free Trade Union Institute , operated within Russia, running programs to support independent unions that were opposed to the FNPR. AFL - CIO ，通过自由贸易联盟研究所，在俄罗斯经营的，正在运行的程序，以支持独立工会反对的FNPR。 These programs wound down with a change of leadership in the AFL-CIO in 1995, and in 1997 Shmakov was invited to attend the AFL-CIO congress. AFL - CIO的领导在1995年的变化，这些方案的伤口，并于1997年，Shmakov应邀出席（AFL - CIO）大会。

The Union and ITUC 联盟和ITUC

The FNPR was granted observer status in the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (now the International Trade Union Confederation ) in April, 2000, and was accepted as an affiliated member in November of the same year. FNPR是在授予观察员地位的国际自由工会联合会（现在的国际工会联合会在2000年4月），并在同年11月的一个附属成员接受。 Since affiliation the FNPR has been active in supporting ITUC in the area, providing facilities for an ITUC regional office. FNPR由于隶属关系一直积极支持在该地区的国际工会联合会，国际工会联合会的区域办事处提供的设施。